International Trademark Registration In India

Introduction to International Trademark Registration

International trademark registration, under the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol, enables businesses to safeguard their trademarks in over 120 countries through a single application. This streamlined process, managed by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), simplifies the registration of a trademark across multiple jurisdictions. The process begins with a thorough trademark search to ensure that your desired mark is available. Following this, you submit your application through your local office, such as India’s Indian Trademarks Registry. WIPO then reviews the application and collaborates with the designated countries to verify compliance with local regulations. Once your application is approved, you receive an International Registration Certificate, granting you legal protection for your brand name.

This method is not only cost-effective and time-saving but also helps protect against trademark misuse. It enhances your brand value and facilitates the enforcement of your trademark rights worldwide. However, it's important to be aware of the central attack rule: if your home country rejects the application, it could impact the registration of other contracting parties. For Indian businesses, adhering to both Indian and international laws is crucial. The international system offers a basic fee structure, and the registration lasts for a 10-year period, with options for renewal. This system, which includes member countries like the United Kingdom and the United States, allows you to expand your brand’s reach in the international market.

At Vakilsearch, we provide expert assistance throughout this process, from filing your international trademark registration application to handling objections and managing renewals. With our help, you can ensure your brand is protected across the globe, navigating the complexities of the WIPO Gazette and understanding the nuances of the Madrid Union. For further inquiries, or if you need help with the international registration of trademarks, reach out to us. Together, we can strengthen your brand's global presence.

What is International Trademark Registration?

International trademark registration allows organizations and businesses to protect their product trademarks across multiple countries through a streamlined process. The Madrid Protocol facilitates this by enabling trademark applicants to submit a single application to various intellectual property offices, known as the office of origin. This ensures that trademarks are safeguarded from misuse by foreign parties in international markets.

Through the International Trademark System, businesses can effectively protect their distinctive signs in different countries while navigating the set of fees associated with the registration process. By securing an international trademark, owners gain exclusive rights to their brands, which enhances their position in the international market. The WIPO Gazette of International Marks serves as a crucial resource for tracking registered trademarks and their legal standing.

When applying, it’s essential to adhere to the filing date and understand the time limits set by various jurisdictions. The registration process includes providing a list of goods and the number of classes your trademark will cover. For example, if you're looking to register in the European Union Trade Mark system, understanding the requirements of member countries is vital.

Furthermore, the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) manages the International Register, ensuring that registered trademarks maintain their status as legal entities in their respective countries. If you’re an Indian national, you would typically start your process through the Indian Trademark Registry, which operates under the Nice Classification system.

This international trademark registration not only provides legal protection for your brand name but also enhances brand recognition and value, making it an essential step for businesses aiming for global reach. For those seeking assistance, the Madrid Monitor can help track the status of your international trademark registration application and any additional fees that may apply. If you need help navigating this process, don't hesitate to reach out.

Importance of International Trademark Registration

Securing international trademark rights provides significant advantages for businesses operating globally. It ensures protection in multiple countries, enhancing brand value and preventing trademark misuse. This comprehensive protection allows businesses to navigate the complexities of the international market more confidently.

One of the primary benefits is the ability to enforce trademark rights more efficiently, as businesses can tackle infringement issues abroad without having to navigate different legal systems for each country. The international trademark registration process is designed to be cost-effective, allowing companies to register their trademarks through a single application rather than filing separate applications in each member country.

Additionally, possessing international trademark protection helps in building brand credibility, fostering customer trust, and promoting business growth on a global scale. By safeguarding their brand name, businesses can focus on expanding their operations without the constant worry of unauthorized use by third parties. Overall, international trademark registration is a crucial strategy for businesses aiming for success in the competitive global market.

Understanding International Trademark Registration

International trademark registration allows trademark owners to protect their intangible assets across multiple member states through the Madrid System, governed by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). By filing a single application under the Madrid Protocol or Madrid Agreement, applicants can extend protection to designated member countries. This process not only streamlines the application procedure but also significantly reduces costs, as the associated fees are generally paid in Swiss francs.

The Country of Origin plays a crucial role in this registration process, as it determines where the application is submitted and which IP Office manages it. Once the international trademark registration application is filed, the International Bureau of WIPO reviews the submission and communicates with the designated countries to ensure compliance with their respective regulations.

One key aspect of this process is understanding the set of fees that may apply, which can vary based on the number of classes of goods and services included in the application. Trademark owners benefit from enhanced legal protection of their trademark rights, making it easier to combat unauthorized use by third parties in foreign countries.

Additionally, the WIPO Gazette of International Marks serves as an essential resource for monitoring registered trademarks, providing trademark owners with insights into potential infringements. Overall, the international registration of trademarks is a valuable tool for businesses looking to expand their presence and secure their brand across various countries in the global market.

Difference Between National and International Trademarks

Understanding the difference between national and international trademarks is essential for businesses looking to protect their brand globally. Here is a detailed comparison:

Aspect	National Trademark	International Trademark
Protection	Provides protection within a single country.	Offers protection in multiple countries.
Filing Process	Filed with the national trademark office.	Filed through the Madrid System for multiple jurisdictions.
Cost-Effectiveness	Typically more affordable but limited to one country.	More cost-effective for protection across several countries.
Jurisdiction	Limited to the jurisdiction of the country where filed.	Covers multiple jurisdictions under a single application.

Benefits of International Trademark Registration

International trademark registration offers businesses a streamlined approach to protect their brand across multiple countries. Here are some key benefits:

Trademark protection across multiple jurisdictions: Protects your brand in several countries with a single application
Simplified application process via WIPO: The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) makes the registration process more efficient
Extended protection for up to ten years, renewable: Enjoy long-term protection with the ability to renew your trademark
Access to the Global Brand Database: Conduct comprehensive trademark searches with ease
Efficient management of trademarks across various countries: Easily manage your international trademarks from one centralised platform.

Who Can Apply for International Trademark Registration?

International trademark registration is available to businesses and individuals who already have a national trademark application or registration in a Madrid System member country. This system allows applicants to expand their trademark protection globally with a streamlined process.

Eligible applicants include:

Businesses or individuals with a national trademark registration in a member country of the Madrid System
Small businesses or large corporations with the appropriate trademark registration
Trademark owners seeking global protection without filing separate applications in each country
Applicants looking to enhance brand protection and navigate international markets effectively.

Legal Framework for International Trademark Registration

The Legal Framework for International Trademark Registration is built upon several international treaties, governing bodies, and intellectual property (IP) laws that facilitate the global registration and protection of trademarks. The Madrid System, comprising the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol, serves as the foundation of this framework, which is further shaped by the role of WIPO, the influence of international treaties like GATT-TRIPS, and the interplay between national and international IP laws.

Overview of the Madrid Agreement (1891) and Madrid Protocol (1989)

The Madrid Agreement (1891) and the Madrid Protocol (1989) are two key treaties under the Madrid System that allow trademark owners to seek protection across multiple jurisdictions by filing a single international trademark application.

Madrid Agreement (1891): Established a system for international registration of marks, where the owner could seek protection in multiple countries through a single registration.
Madrid Protocol (1989): Modernized and simplified the system by introducing more flexibility, such as allowing applications based on pending national filings and varying fees by country.

Key Differences Between the Madrid Agreement and Madrid Protocol

Aspect	Madrid Agreement (1891)	Madrid Protocol (1989)
Filing Requirement	Requires prior national registration.	Allows filing based on either a national application or registration.
Languages	Only in French.	Available in English, French, and Spanish.
Fee Structure	Uniform fees across all member countries.	Fees vary by country.
Post-Filing Designation	No ability to designate additional countries.	Countries can be designated after the initial filing.
Membership Requirements	Obligatory for members to be part of the Agreement.	Members can choose to participate in the Protocol, the Agreement, or both.

Governing Bodies and Jurisdictions

The Madrid System is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a specialized UN agency that manages international IP-related matters. The Madrid System’s governing body, WIPO’s International Bureau, processes applications, manages fee collection, and ensures communication between national IP offices.

Role of WIPO’s International Bureau

WIPO’s International Bureau plays a critical role in the Madrid System by acting as a central hub that receives international applications, processes payments (e.g., designation fees), and coordinates with national trademark offices. The Bureau ensures that applications and related data are transmitted confidentially, providing a streamlined process for applicants to secure trademark protection in multiple countries.

GATT-TRIPS/WTO Influence on Trademark Law

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, under the World Trade Organization (WTO), have had a significant impact on international trademark law. TRIPS established minimum standards for trademark protection that all WTO member states must adhere to, thereby harmonizing international IP rights and providing a basis for the Madrid System.

Member States and Participation

As of 2023, the Madrid System has 115 member states representing 131 countries, covering over 80% of global trade. Countries participating in the Madrid System include major economic powers like the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and India, allowing trademark owners to protect their brands in these key markets through a single application.

Intellectual Property Laws Influencing International Trademarks

While the Madrid Protocol facilitates international registration, national intellectual property laws still govern the enforcement and validity of trademarks within each member state. Each country has its own set of laws and regulations that determine the scope and strength of trademark protection within its borders, making it crucial for applicants to understand both international and national IP frameworks.

National vs. International IP Laws

Aspect	National IP Laws	International IP Laws
Scope	Protection within a single jurisdiction.	Protection across multiple countries.
Regulatory Framework	Based on national laws and regulations.	Based on international treaties like the Madrid Protocol.
Filing Process	Requires individual applications in each country.	Single application covers multiple jurisdictions.
Enforcement	Managed by national courts and authorities.	Enforcement relies on both international treaties and national laws.

Impact of International Treaties on Trademark Registration

International treaties, particularly the Madrid Protocol and TRIPS, have greatly streamlined the trademark registration process by allowing applicants to file a single application for protection in multiple jurisdictions. These treaties also ensure that minimum standards of trademark protection are maintained globally, making it easier for businesses to safeguard their intellectual property on a worldwide scale.

Eligibility and Requirements for International Trademark Registration

International trademark registration through the Madrid System allows businesses and individuals to protect their trademarks across multiple jurisdictions with a single application. However, there are specific eligibility criteria and documentation requirements that applicants must meet to file for trademark protection.

Specific Requirements Based on Jurisdictions

Eligibility criteria may slightly differ depending on the jurisdiction. In major jurisdictions like the United States, European Union, and India, applicants must first have a registered national trademark or a pending national trademark application before filing internationally through the Madrid System.

Eligibility in Major Jurisdictions (e.g., US, EU, India)

United States (US): Applicants must first file a national trademark application or hold a registered trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) before filing under the Madrid Protocol.
European Union (EU): An applicant with an EU trademark can use it as a basis for international registration. Businesses or individuals residing in an EU member state are eligible.
India: Indian nationals or businesses domiciled in India can apply for international registration if they hold a national trademark or a pending application with the Indian Trademark Office.

Required Documentation and Application Details

When applying for international trademark registration, the following documents and details must be provided:

Trademark Application Form
The standard international application form (MM2) must be submitted via the applicant's national IP office.
Information Required
This includes:

Trademark Application Form Details

The application form must include:

Name and address of the trademark owner
Description and representation of the trademark (e.g., logo, wordmark)
A list of the goods and services for which protection is sought, following the Nice Classification.

Language Requirements for the Application

The international trademark application must be filed in one of the official languages of the Madrid System: English, French, or Spanish. Applicants must ensure that their submission complies with the language requirements of both the Madrid System and the relevant national trademark office.

Applicants must meet specific eligibility criteria, provide required documentation, and ensure that their application complies with language and jurisdictional standards to successfully file for international trademark registration.

Documents Required for International Trademark Registration

After conducting a trademark search, the applicant must file the international trademark registration using Form MM2 (E). In India, the application is submitted to the Office of the Registrar of Trademarks. The following documents are necessary for a successful application:

1. Identity Proof:
2. Address Proof:
3. Business Registration Documents:
4. International Application Form MM2:
5. Copy of Trademark:
6. Trademark Registration Certificate in the Domestic Country:

These documents ensure that the application is complete and meets the requirements for international trademark protection under the Madrid Protocol.

The International Trademark Registration Process

The international trademark registration process under the Madrid Protocol allows businesses to protect their trademarks across multiple jurisdictions through a single application. Below is a step-by-step guide to this process:

Step 1: Conducting a Trademark Search

Why a Pre-Application Search is Necessary: Before filing, it's essential to conduct a trademark search to ensure that your trademark is available for registration and doesn't conflict with existing marks. This helps avoid potential disputes or rejections later.
Tools for Conducting a Search: Use tools like the WIPO Global Brand Database to search for existing trademarks globally, ensuring the mark is not already registered in the target jurisdictions.

Step 2: Filing the International Application

Filing through the Local Trademark Office: The first step in filing under the Madrid Protocol is to submit the international application through your local trademark office. For example, in India, this is done through the IP India Office.
Linking with the National Registration: The international application must be based on a national trademark application or registration. This “basic” registration forms the foundation for the international filing.

Step 3: Examination by WIPO

WIPO’s Role in Reviewing the Application: Once filed, WIPO’s International Bureau reviews the application for compliance with Madrid Protocol requirements. It does not assess the substance of the trademark but ensures that all formalities are met.
Madrid Monitor for Tracking Your Application Status: Applicants can use the Madrid Monitor to track the progress of their application and monitor its status through WIPO's system.

Step 4: Examination by National Trademark Offices

How Each Jurisdiction Examines and Grants Protection: After WIPO forwards the application to the designated countries, each national trademark office examines it based on their local laws. They assess whether the trademark meets the country’s criteria for registration.
Timeline for Objections, Oppositions, and Responses: National offices have up to 18 months to raise objections or oppositions. During this time, applicants may need to respond to any concerns raised by the local trademark office.

Step 5: Opposition and Appeals

Addressing Objections or Oppositions in Different Jurisdictions: If any objections or oppositions arise, applicants must address these based on the individual country’s requirements. Each country may have different rules for resolving disputes.
Process for Appeals if a Registration is Denied: If a trademark application is denied in any jurisdiction, the applicant has the right to appeal the decision through the country’s trademark office or legal system.

Step 6: Granting International Trademark Protection

Issuance of International Registration Certificate: Once the national offices approve the application, WIPO issues an International Registration Certificate. This certificate provides proof of international protection.
Jurisdictions Granting Protection Independently: Although WIPO manages the process, each jurisdiction grants protection independently, based on its own examination and approval processes.

International Trademark Registration Fees

The cost of filing for an international trademark varies based on several factors, including the number of countries where protection is sought, the type of goods and services, and additional legal or administrative fees. Typically, international trademark registration can range from $3,000 to $5,000, with a yearly maintenance fee of around $500. (Cost is subject to change)

Cost Breakdown for International Trademark Registration

Fee Type	Description	Cost
Basic Application Fee	Mandatory fee for all applicants filed under the Madrid Protocol.	700 CHF
Complementary Fee	Charged for each designated member country.	100 CHF per country
Supplementary Fee	Fee for each class of goods/services beyond the third class.	100 CHF per additional class
Yearly Maintenance Fee	Ongoing annual cost to maintain the trademark.	$500
Individual Fees Per Country	Additional fees charged by certain countries, varying by jurisdiction.	Varies by country (e.g., US, EU)
Legal Representation Fees	Optional fees for hiring trademark agents or attorneys.	Varies depending

Renewal of International Trademark Registration

Once an international trademark is registered, it must be renewed to maintain protection. Understanding the renewal process and associated costs is vital to ensure your trademark remains protected over time.

Renewal Process and Timelines

International trademarks need to be renewed every 10 years. Timely renewal is essential to maintain protection, and missing deadlines could result in the loss of rights in key jurisdictions.

Costs Involved in Renewal

Renewal fees are similar to the initial registration costs and vary depending on the number of countries where the trademark is protected. It's important to budget for these recurring fees to ensure continued protection.

Importance of Timely Renewal

Renewing your trademark on time is crucial to avoid losing protection in one or more countries. Failure to renew could expose your business to risks such as trademark infringement or loss of brand identity.

Challenges and Pitfalls in International Trademark Registration

While the Madrid Protocol simplifies international trademark registration, certain challenges and pitfalls must be managed. Being aware of these potential issues can help you navigate the process more effectively.

Central Attack Concept

The "central attack" is a unique feature of the Madrid Protocol that could jeopardize the entire international trademark registration if the basic national registration is canceled. It's important to understand the implications and develop strategies to mitigate this risk.

Managing Trademark Infringements and Disputes

Handling disputes, oppositions, and legal challenges across multiple jurisdictions can be complex. Knowing how to manage such issues will help you protect your trademark rights and navigate international trademark laws effectively.

Dealing with Rejections and Cancellations

Rejections or cancellations can occur in different jurisdictions for various reasons. Understanding the appeal process in each country and being prepared to handle rejections will help you maintain your trademark protection.

Special Considerations for Indian Businesses

Indian businesses seeking international trademark protection through the Madrid Protocol must comply with both national laws and the international filing system. Here's what Indian businesses need to know.

How to Register an International Trademark from India

Filing for international trademark registration from India involves a step-by-step process through the IP India Office, closely linked to the national trademark registration process. Here is the complete process for registering a trademark internationally from India:

Step 1: Trademark Search

You would need to make a search regarding your mark before filing the international registration of the trademark, in order to ensure it to be unique and not similar or conflicting with any prior existing trademarks.

Step 2: Fill the application form

You can fill up an application for registration of international trademarks in form MM2(E) from the Office of the Registrar of Trademarks in India

Step 3: Pay the fees

Once the application is filled and submitted, one should provide an electronic handling fee payable to the official IP India portal to complete processing.

Step 4: Application Processing

This depends on the scrutiny carried by the Registrar of Trademarks for your application.

Step 5: Filing of Application with WIPO

Once processed the same is forwarded to World Intellectual Property Organisation WIPO based at Geneva.

Step 6: Registration of trademark by WIPO

WIPO will be the registration of and publication in international registry

Step 7: Certificate of registration

WIPO shall issue on your behalf a certificate of registration of the trademark if approved.

Step 8: Notification to Designated Countries

WIPO will notify the designated countries to which you want your trademark registered.

Step 9: Protection Awarded

Your trademark will be protected in the designated country. That confers an advantage to you in as much as trademark protection becomes applicable in legal jurisdictions under the protection given.

Compliance with Indian Trademark Laws and Madrid Protocol

Indian businesses must ensure that their international trademark filings comply with both Indian trademark laws and the Madrid Protocol. Understanding the legal requirements for both systems will help avoid complications during the filing process.

Legal Differences to Consider When Filing Internationally

Filing an international trademark application involves understanding the legal differences between Indian and foreign trademark systems. These considerations are important to ensure smooth registration and protection across multiple countries.

Assignment, Transfer, and Modifications

International trademarks can be assigned, transferred, or modified, but these processes require specific documentation and adherence to legal procedures. Here's a guide to managing these changes post-registration.

Assignment and Transfer of International Trademarks

Ownership of an international trademark can be transferred between parties. Knowing the steps involved and the documentation required for this process is key to a smooth transition.

Modifications to Registered Trademarks

If your business undergoes changes such as mergers or acquisitions, it's important to update the ownership and details of your trademark to reflect the new structure. Failing to do so could result in issues with the validity of your registration.

Countries That Recognize International Trademark Registrations

International trademark registration under the Madrid Protocol is recognized by a large number of member countries. These countries allow businesses to protect their trademarks across multiple jurisdictions with ease.

Key Countries of Interest

Some countries, such as the United States, European Union, and India, are key jurisdictions for international trademark protection. Each of these regions has its own set of rules and requirements, making them important for businesses seeking global expansion.

Strategic Territories for Business Expansion

Choosing the right countries for trademark protection depends on your business's global strategy. Expanding into major markets such as the US, EU, and China can offer significant advantages in terms of brand protection and market presence.

Conclusion

Choosing Vakilsearch for international trademark registration ensures a seamless and efficient process, backed by expert guidance tailored to your specific needs. With experience and knowledge in handling all sorts of trademark-related issues, Vakilsearch has a team dedicated to providing you with support from the application filing stages to updating status. Our comprehensive knowledge of international trademark law and commitment to personalised service ensures that you successfully protect your brand across borders. Partner with Vakilsearch to safeguard your intellectual property while strengthening your position in cross-border business.

FAQs on International Trademark Registration

What is the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)?

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that promotes the protection of intellectual property (IP) worldwide through cooperation among member states. WIPO administers various treaties, including the Madrid Protocol, facilitating international trademark registration.

What is the process of international trademark registration?

The Process of International Trademark Registration involves several steps: applicants must first secure a basic trademark registration in their office of origin, then file an application through WIPO to extend protection to designated member countries. This process allows for streamlined and cost-effective trademark protection across borders.

Can MSMEs benefit from international trademark registration?

Yes, MSME Registration is vital for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) looking to expand their market reach. By securing an international trademark, MSMEs can protect their brands in global markets, enhancing their competitiveness.

What is a Geographical Indication?

A Geographical Indication (GI) is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation due to that origin. International trademark registration can help protect GIs, ensuring that only authorised producers can use the sign.

Are there any success stories related to international trademark registration?

Many companies have benefited from Success Stories in international trademark registration, illustrating how brands have successfully expanded into new markets while protecting their intellectual property through the Madrid System.

How can I use social media to promote my trademark?

Utilising Social Media effectively can enhance brand awareness and recognition. By promoting your trademark on various platforms, you can engage with a broader audience and establish a strong brand presence globally.

How does international trademark registration align with Sustainable Development Goals?

Protecting intellectual property through international trademark registration supports the Sustainable Development Goals by fostering innovation, encouraging economic growth, and ensuring fair trade practices.

What role does the Russian Federation play in international trademark registration?

The Russian Federation is a member of the Madrid Protocol, allowing businesses to seek trademark protection in Russia through an international application. This membership facilitates easier access to the Russian market for trademark applicants.

How is Industrial Design protected internationally?

Industrial Design refers to the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of a product. Through international trademark registration, businesses can protect their industrial designs, ensuring that their unique product appearances are safeguarded against infringement.

What are WIPO-Administered Treaties?

WIPO-Administered Treaties are international agreements that govern various aspects of intellectual property protection, including the Madrid System for trademark registration. These treaties help establish a consistent framework for protecting IP rights across member countries.

How can I access WIPO’s Global Brand Database?

You can access WIPO’s Global Brand Database online to search for registered trademarks and geographical indications. This database is a valuable resource for trademark owners and applicants to check existing trademarks before filing.

What does it mean to be a member of the Madrid Protocol?

Being a member of the Madrid Protocol allows countries to participate in the international trademark registration system. This membership facilitates easier and more efficient trademark protection across multiple jurisdictions for applicants.

What happens if my international trademark is not accepted in one of the designated countries?

If your international trademark is not accepted in a designated country, you may appeal the decision or seek to modify the application. However, the registration will remain valid in other countries where it is accepted.

Can I apply for an international trademark if I already have a national registration in India?

Yes, you can apply for an international trademark under the Madrid Protocol if you have a national trademark registration in India.

How do I choose which countries to include in my international trademark registration?

Consider markets where you plan to sell your products, countries with high potential for infringement, and those where you have business interests.

How can I check the status of my international trademark after filing?

You can check the status through the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) online database or the trademark office of the designated countries.

What is the renewal period for international trademark registration under the Madrid Protocol?

The renewal period is every 10 years.

Is there any limit to the number of countries where I can apply for trademark protection under the Madrid Protocol?

No, there is no specific limit on the number of countries, as long as they are part of the Madrid Protocol.

Can I file an international trademark application without a trademark agent or lawyer?

While not mandatory, it is advisable to use a trademark agent or lawyer for guidance and to ensure compliance with legal requirements.

How long is the examination period for international trademarks in different jurisdictions?

Examination periods vary by country, typically ranging from several months to a couple of years.

What is the impact of the central attack on my international trademark registration?

A central attack occurs if the underlying national registration is cancelled within five years, potentially resulting in the cancellation of your international trademark.

Can I convert my international registration into individual national registrations if it gets rejected?

Yes, if your international registration is rejected, you can request conversion to individual national applications in the designated countries.

Authors

Written by Nithya, Reviewed by Karan Mehta. Last updated on May 24 2024, 02:34 PM

Karan Mehta B.A. LLB (Hons) graduate, is an expert in IP Infringement, copyright registration, Trademark, music protection & provisional patents.

Nithya Ramani Iyer, a criminologist and writer, serves as the SME and manages communications at Vakilsearch. Drawing from her experience at Seasearch Intelligence and Legal domains, she enriches our content with insightful perspectives.